Below is a Nikkei Return calculator with dividend reinvestment, which can compare estimated investment returns. The return calculator can factor in the Japanese CPI index to adjust returns for inflation.
Return estimates are quoted in yen by default, or the tool allows adjustment for the yen/dollar exchange rate as well as the United States CPI index to check returns from an American investor's perspective.
This Nikkei return calculator has monthly resolution and our data starts in January of 1950.
Editor: Through 2/1/2023 Close
The Nikkei 225 is a price weighted index – much like the American Dow Jones Industrial Average – though it has 225 issues to the DJIA's 30. The index is owned by the Nikkei newspaper, formally The Nihon Keizai Shimbun (日本経済新聞). It has been calculated daily since late 1950, and when created it was back-calculated to mid-1949.
Although this calculator leaves out any estimates of taxes and fees and other investment expenses, it includes estimated monthly dividend payments, as well as estimates for the yen/dollar exchange rate and inflation indices (CPI) for both Japan and the United States. This allows you to estimate the index's real return for a domestic or international investor (or both). There are two sections, toggled by the radio buttons for 'Show Returns in Yen' or 'Show Returns in Dollars':
Please note: This calculator is meant solely for research and scholarship purposes. It gives no exact daily values. The tool attempts to estimate the return of average investors who bought during the starting month then sold during the ending month. It should give a reasonable guess, however, to investor performance ignoring fees, taxes, timing, and other costs. Please verify all results on your own; we accept no responsibility for investment decisions made due to this tool.
As with all of our dividend reinvestment calculators, we've put a lot of work into the initial research for this Nikkei return calculator and weighed the tradeoffs and pros and cons of many different inputs. Most importantly: this calculator has a monthly resolution, and any internal numbers in the tool do not map into an individual date.
That is: questions such as 'which day's closing price was January 1952?' don't have an answer.
Internal to the tool are monthly averages of closing prices. The best way to do an inaccurate (but comparable) 'yearly' estimate of return is to look at, say, a "December to December" or "January to January" closing period. Do not ask me how many days that is... it's the average closing price. Again: there are no 'daily' prices, with the sole exception of the front month/most recent month data.
We're making lots of assumptions for this tool, out of necessity. It can't entertain "well, what if I only bought on the third Monday?" type theoretical questions. Please go to Nikkei directly for that data, and I will make a link from DQYDJ to your calculator after you build it.
Note that I use the monthly close prices of the total return index and Nikkei-225. The difference in returns I use to impute a dividend for the month. (Slight negative values I round to zero).
For dividends before 2000, there are no Nikkei Total Return calculations. These dividends were estimated from a combination of Nikkei datasets and TOPIX data. Here is a total list of sources, including both data and the software used:
Inflation & Exchange Rates
For pre-1970 inflation, I used a proxy to back populate the values.
This method gives us a reasonable estimate of inflation in Japan from 1950 until the present.
If you've been a long time reader (thank you), we don't need to explain why dividends are important - they make a huge difference over longer time periods such as a 'typical' 40 year career.
Please let us know if you see any bugs or issues in the calculator - we'll note any issues we do find, but we expect that it's in reasonable shape for today.
Ethereum returned -67.5% in 2022 in United States Dollar terms, not including transaction fees.
* Ethereum trades continuously so there is no traditional open and close, only an open and close trade of a year. Prices are based on CoinMarketCap data, sourced from Yahoo! Finance.
Like most risk assets (and closely related bitcoin) in 2022, ethereum plunged. It hit a high of $3,876.79 on January 4th, 2022, but declined pretty steadily for the remainder of the year. The low of $896.11 was seen in a trade on June 18, 2022.
You can try our our ethereum return calculator to see return between any two arbitrary dates. You can optionally adjust for inflation, measured by CPI.
Bitcoin returned -64.2% in 2022 in United States Dollar terms, not including any transaction fees. On January 1, 2022, Bitcoin opened* at $46,311.75, and closed* December 31, 2022 at $16,547.50 a coin.
* Bitcoin trades continuously so there is no traditional open and close, only an open and close trade of a year. Prices are based on CoinMarketCap data, sourced from Yahoo! Finance.
Like most risk assets in 2022, bitcoin plunged quite a bit. It hit a high of $47.881.41 on January 2nd, 2022, but declined pretty steadily from there throughout the remainder of the year. The low of $15,599.05 was seen in a trade on November 21, 2021.
You can try our our bitcoin return calculator to see return between any two arbitrary dates. You can optionally adjust for inflation, measured by CPI.
The NASDAQ returned -33.47% in 2022. Using a better calculation, which includes dividend reinvestment, the NASDAQ returned -32.54%.
The above returns assumed you bought the NASDAQ index at the open on January 3rd, 2022 and sold at close on December 30, 2022.
Prefer a "full year" of history? If you bought the closing price on December 31, 2021 and sold the closing price on December 30, 2022, your returns were -33.10% and -32.54%, respectively.
| Price Based On | 2022 Begin | Dec 30 Close | Return |
| Jan 3 Open | 15732.50 | 10466.48 | -33.47% |
| Dec 31 Close | 15644.97 | 10466.48 | -33.10% |
| Price Based On | 2022 Begin | Dec 30 Close | Return |
| Jan 3 Open | 18764.50 | 12588.95 | -32.91% |
| Dec 31 Close | 18660.07 | 12588.95 | -32.54% |
As I say every year, your timing doesn't matter that much. Either way, if you invested in a NASDAQ fund (or a tech fund), you likely had a terrible 2022. But overall: as the old joke goes, time in the market beats timing the market.
And although it doesn't matter as much as for other indices (tech doesn't pay as many dividends!), dividends do matter on the NASDAQ.
The NASDAQ Index is owned and computed by NASDAQ Indexes. There you'll find the index level and total return data. Find NASDAQ total return data here or on investing.com.
See NASDAQ returns in other years:
The Dow Jones Industrial Average returned -8.74% in 2022. Using a better calculation including dividend reinvestment, the Dow Jones returned -6.86%.
I ran the above calculation for an index purchase at open on January 3rd, 2022 and sold at close on December 30, 2022. This is the result if you did all of your investing in the maximum possible span inside 2022. It's also, like most estimates, an (nearly?) impossible benchmark to hit exactly.
Alternatively, you might use a one-year holding proxy, where you instead bought the closing index price on December 31, 2020. In that case, you would have seen around -8.78% and (again) -6.86% returns. S&P Dow Jones did not report a different closing price for the Total Return flavor of the index on December 31, 2021 versus the open on January 3, 2022.
| Price Based On | 2022 Begin | Dec 30 Close | Return |
| Jan 3 Open | 36321.59 | 33147.25 | -8.74% |
| Dec 31 Close | 36338.30 | 33147.25 | -8.78% |
| Price Based On | 2022 Begin | Dec 30 Close | Return |
| Jan 3 Open | 85602.90 | 79728.48 | -6.86% |
| Dec 31 Close | 85602.90 | 79728.48 | -6.86% |
While the exact date doesn't really matter, dividends do matter. Versus other indices, the Dow Jones tends to include mature companies which pay more of their earnings out in dividends. If you held a fund and reinvested dividends for the entire year, you would have performed better than the price index would suggest.
Most stock indices nowadays are market capitalization weighted, (see the 2022 S&P 500 Return). The Dow Jones Industrial Average is a price-weighted index. Price-weighted indices derive their index value by taking the trading price of the underlying company shares times some "individual stock factor".
Price weighting is not a great indexing method. However, honestly, it tracks other large cap indexes "fairly" well. For the most part, indices weighted by market capitalization is the superior methodology to track a basket of stocks.
And this year, the Dow Jones beat the S&P 500 and NASDAQ returns (both market capitalization weighted indices). However, a lot of that is the factor effect - both the S&P 500, and to an even greater degree, the NASDAQ, are technology-heavy. 2022 was not a good year for technology!
Data is credit Dow Jones Indices, owned by S&P Dow Jones Indices. They run both the Dow Jones Total Return and Price Indices.
Historically, here on DQYDJ we have gone pretty far with our content – both in investing, and with some Dow Jones specific posts and tools:
See DJIA returns in other years:
The S&P 500 Price index returned -19.64% in 2022. Using a better calculation which includes dividend reinvestment, the S&P 500 returned -18.32%.
The numbers I just quoted you assume you did all your investing in a single year. Specifically, I assumed you bought the market open on January 3, 2022, and sold at the exact close on December 30, 2022. (Which is nearly impossible to do).
If you alternatively meant a "one-year span", those two returns, respectively, are -19.44% and -18.11%. This assumes, instead, that you bought the December 31, 2021 close.
| Price Based On | 2022 Begin | Dec 30 Close | Return |
| Jan 3 Open | 4778.14 | 3839.50 | -19.64% |
| Dec 31 Close | 4766.18 | 3839.50 | -19.44% |
| Price Based On | 2022 Begin | Dec 30 Close | Return |
| Jan 3 Open | 10011.81 | 8178.02 | -18.32% |
| Dec 31 Close | 9986.70 | 8178.02 | -18.11% |
The exact date you pick doesn't much matter... as long as you keep your timeframes consistent. (However, you do need to mind the dividends!)
It was a very weak year for equity returns in the United States. Coming off the stimulative environment (or excesses, as some would argue...) of the early COVID Pandemic, stocks fell as Federal reserves across the world increased rates and sold assets (or allowed assets to roll off their balance sheets). However, when you consider dividend reinvestment, your returns "didn't look as bad."
Yes, they were still weak. But including dividends is an important consideration.
Please visit S&P Dow Jones Indices, who owns the S&P 500 Index and its total return index. They added the total return index in 1987. Before then, you have to construct your own index proxy to see how the index has fared.
We have a collection of investing calculators and tools – most including provisions for dividend, coupon, or interest reinvestment. Here are some which highlight the S&P 500:
You can quickly find the S&P 500 and Total Return index at Yahoo!. Here's a graph showing the delta in 2022:
Other years:
On this page is a mutual fund return calculator which automatically computes an investment return, including reinvested dividends. Enter a starting amount and timeframe to estimate the growth of an investment in a mutual fund, or use the tool as a way to track index returns net of fees by entering popular tickers. Additionally, choose to simulate periodic investments into a fund by year, month, week, or day.
Next, see the Mutual Fund Drawdown Calculator, which shows the drops from local peaks and volatility in a mutual fund investment's past. Or, try the Mutual Fund Daily Moving Average Calculator or Mutual Fund Correlation Calculator.
To begin, you need to enter at least a mutual fund ticker. Supported funds are pre-populated in the field and will autocomplete as you type.
° Depending on the mutual fund data and market trading dates (see more below), we might adjust the starting date and ending date. Check again after your calculation.
Click 'Toggle Advanced' to open the advanced mutual fund dividend and investment panel.
Next, choose how dividends are handled:
The dividend treatment method you select is indicated below the chart after you run the tool, and the other outputs will adjust.
Simulate dollar-cost averaging (DCA) or investing over time:
When periodic investments are enabled, each investment appears as an event on the chart... if events are displayed. The tool calculates returns including the effects of dollar-cost averaging – XIRR.
A database backs the tool with daily prices on mutual funds, which also includes dividends and splits. Unlike with stocks or ETFs, there are no open, close, high, and low prices – mutual funds quote one price per day after market close.
And dividends or periodic investments are done at the same daily price.
The mutual return calculator is a derivative of the stock and ADR return calculator and ETF and CEF return calculator. The tool uses the Tiingo API for its price and dividend data. Tiingo isn't free, so we have some very modest limits in place:
The mutual fund total return calculated contains idealized return data. It is based on historical prices and would not match a real investor's gains exactly.
The tool is for informational purposes only. We cannot warrant any results. Mutual fund outputs are good for initial research, but please verify any information the tool outputs independently.
Note that there are other factors the tool is ignoring:
The price or dividend datasets may be wrong too (please report if you find a bug).
Many mutual funds track published indexes. You can use popular mutual funds tracking indices to estimate an investor's results tracking an index after fees.
However, note our warnings – these are idealized computations. See a fund's prospectus for the gold standard results on an investment.
Let us know if you find a bug, and importantly include the fund ticker with the issue.
You can send enhancement requests, but the bar is very high. I'm not paid to build or maintain this tool (outside of the ads). For significant requests, please make a contracting inquiry.
Again, this information is for informational and research purposes only. We cannot and will not be able to help in a legal capacity. We can only help you with research inquiries. This data might be a useful starting point for your research, but for legal inquiries, you probably need a professional known as a "forensic accountant".
As I've maintained since I started tool-building on this site, dividends matter. To this day, it's ridiculous how many financial stories quote index or stock price returns when dividends eventually dominate total returns on a long enough timeline. (Non-dividend payers aside!)
But unless you are heating your house with dividend checks, losing your mail, refusing to cash checks, or some other weird scenario... your dividends are a real factor in your returns.
If you'd like to compare the mutual fund tool to a straight investment in an index or to compute fee drag:
On this page is an ETF return calculator and CEF return calculator which automatically computes total return including reinvested dividends. Enter a starting amount and time-frame to estimate the growth of an investment in an Exchange Traded Fund or Closed End Fund, or use the tool as an index fund calculator. Additionally, simulate periodic investments into a fund by year, month, week, or day.
Next, try the ETF Drawdown Calculator to see past drawdowns in an ETF investment. Or, try the ETF Daily Moving Average calculator to compare two trendlines, or the ETF correlation calculator for a comparison of daily fund returns.
To begin, you need to enter at least an ETF's ticker. As you type, it will auto-complete active exchange traded fund tickers.
° Depending on the ETF data (see more below), we might adjust the starting date and ending date. Check under the tool after your calculation.
Click Show Advanced to open the advanced ETF dividend and investment panel. You'll get a screen like the above.
Choose how dividends are handled in your investment scenario:
The dividend treatment method you select is indicated below the chart after you run the tool, and the other outputs will also adjust.
Simulate dollar-cost averaging or investing over time:
When periodic investments are enabled, each investment appears as an event on the chart (if events are displayed). The tool calculates returns including the effects of dollar-cost averaging – XIRR.
Using the tool and periodic investments, you can also model dollar cost averaging. Dollar cost averaging is my preferred normal style of investing, where you invest on a regular basis.
For periodic windfalls you receive, I prefer investing the lump sum all at once. Though if it's better for you, psychologically, to meter it out, that's still a good option.
The ETF return calculator is a derivative of the stock return calculator. Much of the features are the same, but (especially for smaller funds) the dividend data might be off.
The tool uses the Tiingo API for price and dividend data. Tiingo isn't free, so we have some very modest limits in place:
The exchange traded fund total return calculated contains idealized return data. It is based on closing and opening prices and would not match a real investor's gains exactly.
The tool is for informational purposes only. We cannot warrant any results. ETF outputs are good for initial research, but please verify any information the tool outputs independently.
Note that there are other factors the tool is ignoring:
It is very possible that the price or dividend datasets are wrong too (please report it if you find a bug).
Many ETFs track published indexes, so the tool is very useful as a quick comparison on index funds. (Yes, we know – many more are in mutual fund form.)
For the gold standard of index fund returns – perhaps with less resolution – see the prospectus of the fund. This calculator will give you a reasonable approximation of index fund returns, but your ETF provider probably calculated them exactly.
Let us know if you find a bug. Include the fund with the issue so I can debug it.
Feel free to send enhancement requests, just know that the bar is very high. Outside of ads, I'm not paid to build or maintain this tool. For significant requests, please make a contracting inquiry.
Again, this information is for informational and research purposes only. We cannot and will not be able to help in a legal capacity. We can only help you with research inquiries. For legal inquiries, this data might be a useful starting point, but you probably need a professional known as a "forensic accountant".
We've maintained some version of a stock return calculator for some time now. After a mutual fund return calculator, an ETF return tool has been one of our most popular requests.
As we like to stress on this site, dividend adjusted returns are the most important returns. Unless you are shoveling your dividend checks into your fireplace (or shredder), dividends are real money which you can use to reinvest. Those additional shares also lead to real money. Dividends make up a huge amount of return when you trace them back over a long enough timeframe.
This tool, in many ways, is better than some of our popular index total return calculators. ETFs (and mutual funds) are the most common ways to track an index, although they include fees and slow down dividend timing. However, they are the most common way to track an index... making them more accurate for individual investors.
If you'd like to compare:
ETFs are relatively new when compared to common stocks and mutual funds. Still – at least for ETFs that pay dividends – we often see returns quoted out of context. When you buy VTI or DIA, don't only look at the price return on your fund. Be sure to factor in any additional shares you buy from the dividends you receive.
(Or, at least, know that you're spending the dividends.)
We hope you enjoyed the CEF and ETF total return calculator. Use it in good health, and tell your friends!
Below is a stock return calculator which automatically factors and calculates dividend reinvestment (DRIP). Also, you can simulate daily, weekly, monthly, or annual periodic investments into any stock and see your total estimated portfolio value on every date.
Note: The calculator does not account for spin-offs. Split adjustments happen within a week. New listings and ticker changes may take longer.
To begin, you need to enter at least a stock ticker. As you type, it will search through legal stock tickers to help you complete the field and explore our set.
° The calculator may adjust the starting and ending dates based on available data. The actual date range used is displayed below the chart after calculation.
Click the Advanced button to open the advanced stock options panel, allowing you to customize the tool's output.
Choose how dividends are handled in your investment scenario:
The dividend treatment method you select is indicated below the chart after you run the tool. Your chosen calculation methodology affects both the final value and the annual return calculations.
Simulate dollar-cost averaging by making regular investments over time:
When periodic investments are enabled, each investment appears as an event on the chart (if events are displayed), and the tool calculates returns including the effects of dollar-cost averaging.
When you select "Cash" for dividend treatment, the results expand to show:
This breakdown helps you understand the contribution of dividends versus capital appreciation to your total returns.
The tool attempts to time dividends based upon the ex-dividend date of stocks in our database. Where the tool sees a dividend, it invests at the daily open price. All other prices in the tool, such as the final portfolio value and daily updates, are based on close price.
When you choose to model periodic investments, the tool invests every 1, 7, 30, or 365 days, respectively. (Read: no accounting for leap years!). Where we register a dividend and investment on the same day, the investment goes in at the open price but (as you'd expect), it doesn't factor into the dividend amount.
Other individual stock resources:
Remember, "past performance is no guarantee of future results"!
If you see a previously successful investment (actually: especially if you do), don't extrapolate gains to the sky.
Stock valuation is art more than science. Value investors try to model a fair value based on the characteristics of the company – especially accounting for financials and cash flows. Along value lines, we have a few tools for you to attempt to value stocks:
Or, see industry classification with our SIC and NAICS lookup tool. There are no guarantees in stock valuation - it's hard to predict the future. However, those tools might help point you in the right direction.
The tool uses the Tiingo API on the backend. Tiingo is a paid API provider, so we have some (light) limitations in place:
The stock total return calculated is idealized, based on closing prices and unrealistic dividend timing, and will never match exact returns.
The tool is for informational purposes only and we cannot warrant the results. Verify any information you gather from this tool on your own. Treat the stock data as initial research.
We are not modeling taxes, management fees, dividend payment timing, slippage, and other sources of error. It is possible that the dataset contains errors as well.
Let me know if you find a bug. Include which ticker caused the issue and the timeframe so I can debug.
As for enhancements: outside of ads, I'm not compensated to build and maintain this tool. If you have significant feature requests, make a contracting inquiry.
We wish we could help you with your stock research questions. But this information is for informational and research purposes only. We will not respond to requests to provide investment returns in a legal capacity. We can only help you with research inquiries.
(You probably need a professional known as a "forensic accountant" for legal purposes.)
We originally built a version of this stock total return calculator for DQYDJ's five year anniversary (and 749th published article). That was in 2014.
Years into the tool (and even more into some of our others) we continue to stress that you need to produce fair, dividend adjusted return comparisons when discussing investments. That's why with this calculator, you choose exactly how you want to handle dividends:
This flexibility helps you understand the complete picture of investment returns.
I hope you enjoy the stock return calculator. If you see articles quoting price returns on dividend paying stocks – send them our way, deal?
Try comparing your results to one of these (with inflation adjustments turned off):
As for styles of investing, we think the best thing to do with a windfall is to invest a lump sum. For investing from your paycheck, we suggest dollar cost averaging. To model a future investment, use the investment calculator.
Bitcoin returned 60.27% in 2021, not including any transaction fees. At 7:00 PM Eastern Time on December 31, 2020, bitcoin traded at $28,948. If you sold at 7:00 PM Eastern Time on December 31, 2021, bitcoin was trading at $46,394 per coin.
Bitcoin really started taking off in September of 2020, accelerating up from roughly $10,000 a coin to as much as $60,000 in the spring. Bitcoin found a trough right under $30,000 a coin in the summer, before taking off again and touching $68,958 on November 10.
That's all on top of bitcoin's gain of 308% in 2020 and 92% in 2019. In 2018, bitcoin lost 73.56%... but gained a wild 1,318% in 2017.
Try our bitcoin return calculator to see return between any two arbitrary dates. You can optionally adjust for inflation measured by CPI.
I sourced historical bitcoin price data from Bitfinex